Amnesty International's latest report concludes that Palestinian armed groups committed "crimes against humanity" during their attacks on October 7, with Hamas identified as the "primary responsible party," and Islamic Jihad also bearing lesser responsibility.

In a report released on December 11, Amnesty International, based on approximately 70 testimonies and a detailed reconstruction of the attacks against Israeli settlements near the Gaza border, accused Hamas and other armed Palestinian groups of violating international humanitarian laws and committing war crimes and crimes against humanity.

The report describes the killing of civilians on October 7 as a "crime against humanity aimed at destruction" and lists other atrocities, such as arbitrary detention, torture, enforced disappearances, sexual violence, and other forms of gender-based violence perpetrated by Palestinian groups.

Amnesty noted that these groups, primarily Hamas, have continued to commit violations and crimes under international law following October 7, including through the mistreatment of hostages and the retention of abducted bodies. The abductions are characterized as part of a plan explicitly framed by the leadership of Hamas and other armed groups.

Hamas's military wing, the Al-Qassam Brigades, is highlighted as the main perpetrator of these crimes, with lesser responsibility assigned to Islamic Jihad, the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, and some independent Palestinian civilians.

Previously, the International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants for key Hamas leaders, including Ismail Haniyeh, Muhammad Deif, and Yahya Sinwar, describing the October 7 attacks as crimes against humanity. However, these warrants were revoked following their deaths in subsequent Israeli strikes.